初三英语知识点总结|初三英语上册词汇知识点

2019-02-16 英语词汇

  合成形容词

  和其他合成词一样,合成形容词(compound adjectives)也是由两个或两个以上的字合组而成的。由于现代英语结构尽量从繁入简,合成词,特别是合成形容词的运用,就越来越普遍,报章杂志更是如此。

  合成形容词的构成方法,主要有下列 6 种:

  ①名词+形容词,如:

  oil-rich, duty-free, praiseworthy, life-long, carefree, worldwide, skin-deep, sea-sick, cock-sure, word-perfect 等。

  ②形容词+形容词,如:

  bitter-sweet, red-hot, Afro-Asian, socio-political, dead-alive, blue-black 等。

  ③名词+现在分词,如:

  peace-loving, labour-saving, law-abiding, time-consuming, painstaking, trouble-shooting 等。

  ④名词+过去分词,如:

  examination-oriented, man-made, poverty-stricken, bed-ridden, wind-blown, weather-beaten, heart-broken 等。

  ⑤形容词+现在分词,如:

  good-looking, easy-going, eager-seeming, direct-acting 等。

  ⑥形容词+过去分词,如:

  kind-hearted, narrow-minded, single-handed, new-born, soft-spoken, strong-headed, many-sided 等。

  在这六类合成形容词中,①、③和④的生产率最高。

  此外,合成形容词还可以从其他词类或结构转化而来,气象万千,韵味十足:

  ⑴从副词短语转化而来,如:

  all-round protection, off-the-cuff opinion, round-the-clock investigation, the ahead-of-schedule general election, a once-a-week discussion 等。

  ⑵从片语动词转化而成,如:

  a back-up generator, the break-in time, a catch-up programme, a see-through shirt, a stand-up collar 等。

  ⑶从不带“to”的不定式动词转化而成,如:

  take-home pay, a keep-fit class, a get-acquainted party, a cross-border raid, a grow-slow policy 等。

  ⑷由介词短语转化后移至名词前,如:

  discussions on foreign policy→foreign-policy discussions; the relationship between teachers and students →the teacher-student relationship; a proposal for the withdrawal of troops→a troop-withdrawal proposal 等。

  ⑸由形容词分句转化后移至名词前,如:

  a machine that is difficult to operate→a difficult-to-operate machine; magazines which are hard to get at→hard-to-get-at magazines; a politician who is not so strong→a not-so-strong politician 等。

  ⑹由成语或惯用语转化后移至名词前,如:

  a step-by-step procedure, an on-the-job training, a dog-in-the-manger attitude, a live-and-let-live policy 等。

  前面6种构成法约定俗成,一切中规中矩,后面6种涵盖面大,极为灵活。光是通过成语转化的形容词合成词,数目都在不断扩大中,非常受欢迎。如 an out-of-the-way village(遥远的),a get-rich-quick mentality(快速致富的)。

  疑问词+不定式动词”结构

  导读:英语有个很有用的结构,就是:疑问词+不定式动词(question word + to-infinitive)。

  疑问词是疑问代词“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑问副词“when, where, how, why ”。此外,连接词“whether”也适用。

  “疑问词+不定式动词”结构有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五种:

  ⑴当主语,如:

  ● When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.

  ● Where to live is a problem.

  ● How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion topic.

  ⑵当宾语,如:

  ● We must know what to say at a meeting.

  ● He could not tell whom to trust.

  ● Do you know how to play bridge?

  ⑶当补足语,如:

  ● The problem is where to find the financial aid.

  ● The question is who to elect.

  ⑷当名词同位语,如:

  ● Tom had no idea which book to read first.

  ● Do you have a rough impression how to do it?

  ⑸当宾语补足语,如:

  ● Jim is not sure whose to choose.

  ● Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.

  适用于“疑问词+不定式动词”的动词包括:“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand”等。

  有点值得特别注意的是:当这结构当宾语时,它的作用等于名词分句,例如:

  ● I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.

  ● Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.

  有些动词,如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等,可以先有个宾语,然后才接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词” 结构。例如:

  ● The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine.

  ● Have you told him where to get the application form?

  综上所述,可见“疑问词+不定式动词”结构是个形象清新,既容易用又不容易出错的特别结构,可以多多运用。

  同族词都是一家人

  导读:在《前缀一加,词义转变》中提到同族词(见1月17日《中英合谈》)。所谓同族词(family words)便是由同个词根衍生出来的一群实词。例如:“art”(艺术)名词是“art”和“artist”,形容词是“artistic”,副词是“artistically”。虽然这四个字的语音、词形、词类和词义都不同,但都来自共同的词根。

  同族词既然是由同一词根派生而成,它们之间便有“血脉”关系,而且在词义上,也常有相似之处。

  学习英语词汇时,可以利用同族词这特色把每组词集中起来,用对比方式,辨别每个词的词义和不同用法,然后加以记忆和运用,假以时日,不难水到渠成,词汇丰富。

  下面便是两组同族词的意思及其用法:

  Ⅰauthorise(动词)授权、批准

  authorisation(名词)授权、委任

  authoritative(形容词)权威的、命令式的

  authority(名词)权力、职权、权威

  authorities(名词)当局

  ① Dr Li has authorised David to act for him in his absence.

  ② The Ministry for Finance authorised the payment of annual increments.

  ③ One needs special authorisation to enter such a building.

  ④ This news came from an authoritative source, so it must be reliable.

  ⑤ The Commander-in-chief spoke in an authoritative tone.

  ⑥ As a senior officer, Jason is entitled to have authority over the clerical staff.

  ⑦ Who gave you authority to implement the new salary scheme?

  ⑧ Dr Wong is an authority on language teaching.

  ⑨ The authorities concerned must see to it that the same thing will not recur.

  Ⅱclear(形容词)清楚的、明白的、无嫌疑的、债务已清的;

  (副词)远离的

  (动词)清除、解除。

  clearance(名词)清除、许可(证)

  (修饰语)清货

  clearing (名词)林中空旷的

  clearly(副词)清楚地

  ① The speaker's voice is clear enough to be heard.

  ② Can you make your last point clearer?

  ③ The suspect was clear of suspicion.

  ④ The gambler hopes to be clear of debts soon.

  ⑤ Unauthorised persons are advised to keep clear of the premises.

  ⑥ The police have cleared the road of obstruction.

  ⑦ If there exists misunderstanding among friends, please clear it up.

  ⑧ Have you seen any slum clearance?

  ⑨ The plane must get clearance for take-off.

  ⑩ Before Christmas, shopping centres have the habit of holding annual clearance sales.

  11. The picnickers pitched their camp in the clearing.

  12. Speak clearly or the audience at the back may not be able to hear you.

  麻烦的复数名词

  导读:读者之声,英文写得很好,用字也很贴切;但是其中有个小错误,就是把复数的名词误以为单数,结果动词也不对应了。

  现在把这句话录下:

  “Another option is to prevent pneumonia in susceptible individuals by vaccination against the pneumococcal bacteria, which is a common cause of pneumonia.”

  英语的“bacteria”(细菌)是个复数名词,单数是“ bacterium”。既然如此,后头形容词分句里的动词应该是“which are”才是。

  这个错误的根源,就是复数名词“bacteria”引起的;这类麻烦的复数名词就是本文的主题。

  大家知道,英语名词有单数和复数之分。通常名词后头有“-s” 或“-es”的是复数,但是不是所有的名词都如此。许多外来词,特别是技术专有名词,是多彩多姿的,其复数形式并不加“-s”或“ -es”。下面便是些常见的例子:

  ㈠外来词及其原有的复数形式,如:

  ① agendum: agenda; ② datum: data; ③ analysis: analyses; ④ criterion: criteria; ⑤ phenomenon: phenomena; ⑥ basis: bases.

  ㈡外来词原有的复数或英语复数,如:

  ① curriculum: curricula/ curriculums; ② formula: formulae/ formulas; ③ index: indices/ indexes; ④ terminus: termini/ terminuses.

  ㈢有些名词只有复数而没有单数,如:

  ① scissors; ② spectacles; ③ trousers; ④ pants; ⑤ measles; ⑥ mumps; ⑦ annals; ⑧ assets.

  ㈣有些名词形式是复数,但是含义是单数,如:

  linguistics, economics, news, the Philippines.

  ㈤有些名词形式是单数,但常当复数用,如:

  people, police, cattle, vermin

  ㈥有少数复数名词,既可当复数用,又可当少数用,如下列句子所示:

  ① The quickest means of travel is by plane.

  ② What Tom has just done is a means to an end.

  ③ What are the important means of transport in Singapore?

  ④ There are ways and means of solving a problem.

  ㈦有些名词,单数是个意思,复数又是个意思,如:

  ① a. paper(一种原料,即纸)`

  b. papers(报纸、文件)

  ② a. work(工作)

  b.works(工厂、作品)

  ㈧有些名词,单数有两个意思,复数只有一个意思,如:

  ① a. people(人们、种族)

  b. peoples(种族)

  ② a. light(光明、电灯)

  b. lights(电灯)

  ③ a. practice(练习、风俗习惯)

  b. practices(风俗习惯)

  上述这些名词,虽然有些麻烦,但是它们数目不多,只要留意些,就不会有什么问题。

  几个发展迅速的词缀

  英语常用词缀类别有限,数目也不太多。但是有几个词缀发展得相当迅速,令人注目。

  下面便是三个运用愈来愈广的前缀:

  Ⅰde-

  主要意思有三:

  ㈠“除去”,如:dewax(去蜡);去泡沫);degum(去胶);deflea(除去跳蚤)。

  ㈡“非……化”,如:denuclearise(非核武器化); decontaminate(非污染化);denationalise(非国有化); derecognition(撤销承认)。

  ㈢“降低、向下”,如:de-emphasize(不强调); de-escalation(行动降级);devaluation(贬值); deindustrialisation(工业化降温)。

  Ⅱmini-

  这个前缀的意思是“小型”、“微型”,如:

  mini-rocket(小型火箭);mini-budget(小预算案); mini-report(小型报告);mini-parade(小型检阅);mini-break (小假期);mini-skirt(小裙)。

  Ⅲsuper-

  “Super-”这前缀的意思是“超级、在上”,如:

  Superman(超人);super-star(超级明星);superpower(超级强国);supermarket(超级市场);superhighway(超级公路);super-ultra(最尖端的);super-saturated(过度饱和的); superabundant(极其丰富的)。

  除了前缀之外,几个后缀也渐渐普及起来,特别是在商业广告以及政界、教育界等方面的新闻里。

  ①副词性后缀 -wise,意思是“在……方面”、“就……而论” ,如:

  budgetwise(在预算案方面);moneywise(在金钱方面); savingswise(就积存资金方面而言);educationwise(就教育而论);manpowerwise(就人力而论);theorywise(就理论来说); careerwise(就事业来说);newswise(在新闻方面); publicitywise(在宣传方面);curriculumwise(在课程方面)。

  ②名词性后缀 -ee,意思是动作承受者,常和动作施行者“-er ”相对应。例如:

  trainer:trainee;interviewer:interviewee; employer:employee;examiner:examinee.

  此外,没有对应的“-ee”派生词也渐渐出现了,如:

  retiree(退修人士);absentee(缺席者、旷课者);escapee (躲避者);refugee(避难者);devotee(崇拜者)。

  ③名词性后缀 -nik,指从事某种工作的人。例如:

  computer-nik(靠电脑工作的人);boatnik(酷爱划船的人);allright-nik(应声虫);peacenik(和平主义者);folknik(民歌手);popnik(流行乐歌手)。

  英语派生词哪里来?

  导读:大家知道,派生法(derivation)是英语主要的构词法。这方法是借前缀或后缀之助,制造出派生词(derivative words),主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。

  前缀以否定前缀(negative prefixes)un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, dis-, mis-, mal-等为主,使延伸出来的派生词变成反义词。

  Ⅰ名词派生词

  Balance→imbalance;

  pleasure→displeasure;

  management→mismanagement;

  efficiency→inefficiency;

  concern→unconcern

  ;literacy→illiteracy

  ;resolution→irresolution;

  interference→noninterference;

  nutrition→malnutrition.

  Ⅱ形容词派生词

  Accurate→inaccurate;

  patient→impatient.

  regular→ irregular;

  legal→illegal

  native→non-native;

  orderly→ disorderly;

  common→uncommon.

  Ⅲ动词派生词

  Agree→disagree;

  judge→misjudge;

  treat→maltreat;

  activate→inactivate;

  use→ill-use;

  mobilize→immobilize;

  manage→mismanage;

  quote→unquote.

  除了否定前缀之外,其他常用的前缀还有 anti-, auto-, bi-, co-, counter-, de-, ex-, inter-, mono-, post, pre-, pro-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, tri-, ultra-等。例如:

  anti-government(反政府);auto-intoxication(自我迷醉);bilateral(双边的);coexistence(共存);counter-argument (反建议);de-emphasize(不强调);ex-president(前任会长);international(国际间的);monolingual(单语的);post-war (战后的);precaution(预先防备);pro-China(支持中国); re-state(重述);subhuman(低于人类的);superimpose(加在上面);trans-atlantic(横跨大西洋的);triangle(三角); ultra-smart(超能的)。

  前面例子证明,加上前缀后的词,虽然意思改变,但词性保持不变。相反的,加上后缀的词,不但词义有些改变,词性也完全不同。这样一来,动词或形容词加上适当的后缀之后,可以得到名词派生词,如:

  amaze→amazement;

  kind→kindness.

  同样的,名词或动词加上适当的后缀,便可以得到形容词派生词,如:

  commerce→commercial;

  depend→dependent.

  最后,名词或形容词加上动词性的后缀,可以得到动词派生词,加上副词性后缀(仅限 -ly),则得到副词派生词,如:

  fright(名词)→frighten(动词);modern(形容词)→ modernize(动词);beauty(名词)→beautify(动词);year(名词)→yearly(副词);quick(形容词)→quickly(副词)。

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